日本寒冷地带北海道优良食味粳稻育种研究（网络首发、推荐阅读）

长久以来，北海道产大米的食味口碑一直不高，也未出现像“越光”一样全日本知名的优良食味品种，因此，自1980年开始历时28年，北海道立（现称道总研）农业试验场致力于粳稻优良食味品种快速研究项目的实施。为实现快速研发的目标，通过世代促进栽培法和花药培养法成功缩短了育种年限；采用扩大育种规模的方式，并利用优良食味、耐寒性等内外部有效基因培育兼具优良食味及早熟耐寒性的品种；初期世代开始主要通过分析大米的蛋白质含量、尤其是直链淀粉含量，中间世代则通过少量蒸饭的方式进行食味品鉴，选育出优良食味种系。在食味遗传基因的改良方面，先是集聚北海道优良食味的遗传基因培育出品种“雪光”，再经由北海道品种引进“越光”的优良食味遗传基因，之后以日本东北优良食味遗传基因品种“秋田小町”作为直接杂交母本，分别成功培育出品种“闪光397”和“星之梦”，其直链淀粉含量与以往多肥多产品种的22%相比降低了2%。在此基础之上，引进美国品种“国宝玫瑰”优良食味遗传基因的品种“七星”成功问世，其直链淀粉含量又降低了1%；以变异低直链淀粉种系“北海287号”为母本，成功培育出“梦美”，其直链淀粉含量15%~16%，粘度和软度俱佳，食味亦可与“越光”媲美。     

The alginate fermentation strain Pantoea sp. F16-PCAi-T3P21 and ethanol production

Bio-ethanol production from algae is a promising way to help solve the energy problem. Alginate is a major component of algae, but it cannot be utilized by existing ethanol fermentation microorganisms. In order to improve the utilization rate of brown algae, high alginate fermentation strains should be obtained. In this research, strains for algae fermentation were got from several experiments. The ethanol yield of strain A was the highest, which was 0.095 g/g (ethanol to alginate). The identification of strain A was carried out and it was 99% identical to Pantoea sp. F16-PCAi-T3P21. Fermentation experiments with different substrates were carried out, such as laminaran, mannitol, L. japonica and acid hydrolysate of L. japonica, and the ethanol yield rate of L. japonica acid hydrolysate was the highest, which reached 0.17 g/g ethanol to L. japonica. It showed that strain A can converse alginate to ethanol in a relatively high yield rate, and might be a promising strain with L. japonica as the substrate, we believe more research should be carried out on this strain.     

Associations between Oil Yield and Profile of Fatty Acids,Sterols, Squalene,Carotenoids, and Tocopherols in Seed Oil of Selected Japanese Quince Genotypes during Fruit Development

Tocopherols, phytosterols, carotenoids, and squalene are present in mature seeds of Japanese quince. Yet, little is known about the relationship between these compounds and oil yield during fruit and seed development. The profile change of lipophilic compounds during fruit and seed development in Japanese quince cultivars “Darius,” “Rondo,” and “Rasa” is investigated. It is shown here that during fruit and seed development, there is a significant reduction, three‐ to over tenfold, in the concentration of minor bioactive compounds in seed oil. It is recorded that delay between synthesis of tocopherols and oil in Japanese quince seeds during the fruit development results in a logarithmic relationship between the oil content and tocopherols concentration in the seed oil (R² = 0.980). Similar trends are observed between oil yield and phytosterols, and carotenoids (R² = 0.927 and R² = 0.959, respectively). The profile of fatty acids during the development of the seeds significantly is changed. The reduction of linoleic, palmitic, and gondoic acids levels and increment of oleic acid is noted. The oil content, profile of fatty acids, and concentration of bioactive compounds in all three genotypes of Japanese quince do not change significantly statistically during the last month of fruit development. Practical Applications: Some fruits are harvested at different degrees of maturity mainly due to a logistic issue and uneven ripening of fruits, which affects the chemical composition of whole fruit including seeds. Therefore, it would be good to know how the chemical composition is changing in plant material during development especially in the last month before harvest. Production of Japanese quince continues to rise year to year and with it the volume of generated by‐products such as seeds. This study demonstrates how it changes the oil content, profile of fatty acid, and concentration of tocopherols, squalene, phytosterols, and carotenoids in the seeds and seed oil of three Japanese quince cultivars “Rondo,” “Darius,” and “Rasa” during plant development. The provided information can be very useful for the manufactories oriented on the processing of by‐products, mainly seeds, generated by other branches of industry, for instance, fruit‐processing.     

无机陶瓷纳滤膜法精制金银花水提液的试验研究

选择孔径为100nm的无机陶瓷纳滤膜对金银花水提液进行了分离提纯试验,考察了操作压力、料液循环流速、料液温度及料液浓度等操作参数对无机陶瓷纳滤膜分离性能的影响,为工业实际应用提供依据.研究结果表明,孔径为100nm的无机陶瓷纳滤膜对金银花水提液中的蛋白质、多糖等杂质的去除效果要明显优于传统的水提醇沉方法,而对有效成分绿原酸的影响较小,能够达到金银花水提液的精制要求,所需时间也大大缩短.随着料液温度及循环流速的增加,稳态渗透通量有显著提高;同时料液浓度的降低也有助于提高稳态渗透通量.但稳态渗透通量并不随着操作压力的增加而成比例增加.     

槐米提取液的抗氧化性能及在乳液化妆品中的应用研究

考察槐米提取液的体外抗氧化、美白能力及加入乳液化妆品后的保湿、美白功效。实验结果表明:槐米提取液具有一定的体外抗氧化活性,与传统的抗氧化产品V_C相比,其对DPPH的清除效果好于V_C,对羟基自由基的清除率以及还原能力与V_C接近;0.3 g/L的槐米提取液对酪氨酸酶的抑制率为60.33%;添加槐米提取液的乳液化妆品能有效提高其保湿性,增强其美白功效,对皮肤安全、无刺激。     

蓝靛果花色苷对高脂血症大鼠肝脏内与胆固醇代谢相关基因的作用

目的：研究蓝靛果花色苷对高脂血症大鼠肝脏肝X受体（liver X receptor α,LXRα）、B族I型清道夫受 体（scavenger receptor class B, type I,SR-BI）、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运蛋白G5（ATP-binding cassette transporter G5,ABCG5）、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ,PPARγ）及胆固醇7α-羟化 酶（cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase,CYP7a1）基因表达的影响。方法：选择2 月龄雄性Wistar大鼠60 只,将大鼠随机分为 6 组,其中10 只给予普通饲料,其余50 只给予高脂饲料。30 d造模成功后,分别建立基础饲料正常对照组（ND, 灌胃1.2 g/（kg·d）生理盐水）、高脂模型对照组（HFD,灌胃1.2 g/（kg·d）生理盐水）、阳性对照组（灌 胃10 mg/（kg·d）辛伐他汀片）和蓝靛果花色苷低（HFD＋L）、中（HFD＋M）、高（HFD＋H）剂量组（分别灌 胃4.0、40.0、120.0 mg/（kg·d）蓝靛果花色苷）,持续28 d。利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测大鼠肝脏组 织中LXRα、SR-BI、ABCG5、PPARγ及CYP7a1 mRNA的表达情况。结果：经蓝靛果花色苷干预后,与HFD组相比： 蓝靛果花色苷各剂量组肝脏中SR-BI、ABCG5 mRNA表达几乎不受影响,且无显著性差异（P＞0.05）;HFD＋M、 HFD＋H组LXRα、CYP7a1 mRNA表达升高且差异极显著（P＜0.01）;HFD＋L、HFD＋M、HFD＋H组 PPARγ mRNA表达降低且差异极显著（P＜0.01）。结论：蓝靛果花色苷通过提高高脂血症大鼠肝脏内LXRα、 CYP7a1 mRNA表达,降低PPARγ mRNA表达来调节高脂血症大鼠的血脂水平,预防动脉硬化的发生。 关键词：蓝靛果;蓝靛果花色苷;高脂血症大鼠;肝X受体;B族I型清道夫受体;三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运蛋白G5; 过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ;胆固醇7α-羟化酶     

蓝靛果花色苷对高脂血症大鼠肝脏LDLR、ABCG1及ABCA1基因表达的影响

目的：研究蓝靛果花色苷对高脂血症大鼠肝脏低密度脂蛋白受体（low density lipoprotein receptor, LDLR）、三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体G1（ATP-binding cassette transporter G1,ABCG1）及ABCA1基因表达的影响。 方法：选择2 月龄雄性Wistar大鼠60 只,将大鼠随机分为6 组,分别为基础饲料对照组（ND,1.2 g/（kg·d mb） 生理盐水灌胃）、高脂模型对照组（HFD,1.2 g/（kg·d mb）生理盐水灌胃）、阳性对照组（10 mg/（kg·d mb） 辛伐他汀片灌胃）,蓝靛果花色苷低、中、高剂量组（HFD＋L、HFD＋M、HFD＋H,分别给予4.0、40.0、 120.0 mg/（kg·d mb）的花色苷灌胃）,持续28 d。实验结束后,测定血清总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）、 甘油三酯（triglyceride,TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C）、低密 度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C）、载脂蛋白A（apolipoprotein A,Apo-A）及载 脂蛋白B（Apo-B）等血脂指标水平。取大鼠肝脏,利用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应测定大鼠肝脏组织中 LDLR、ABCG1、ABCA1 mRNA表达量,Western blot检测LDLR蛋白表达水平。结果：蓝靛果花色苷干预后, 与HFD组相比,花色苷均能不同程度地降低高血脂大鼠血清中TC、TG、LDL-C、Apo-B的含量（P＜0.05或 P＜0.01）,显著升高HDL-C及Apo-A的含量（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）。花色苷各剂量组LDLR蛋白和mRNA水平均增 高,与HFD组比较差异有显著性（P＜0.05）,ABCA1 mRNA和ABCG1 mRNA的表达水平也高于HFD组,尤其是花 色苷中、高剂量组差异明显（P＜0.05）。结论：40.0 mg/（kg·d mb）蓝靛果花色苷具有明显的调节血脂作用,其 作用机制可能是通过上调肝脏LDLR和ABC家族基因的表达,进而调节胆固醇逆转运过程。     

响应面分析法优化槐米总黄酮的提取工艺

通过对槐米总黄酮提取,考察体积分数、提取时间、提取温度、料液比四因素对槐米总黄酮提取率的影响.用RAS软件程序对试验数据进行二次响应面分析,对3项工艺参数进行优化,得出槐米总黄酮提取的二次回归方程;通过分析得出槐米总黄酮提取的最佳条件为:60%乙醇(体积分数),提取2.2 h,料液比(g:mL)1:17.9,温度80.0℃.在此条件下测得的总黄酮提取率为18.46%.